Department of Computer Science and
Engineering Subject Notes
CS-6005 Elective-II (1) Internet of Things
Unit -1
Topics
to be covered
Introduction: Definition, Characteristics of IOT,
IOT Conceptual framework, IOT Architectural view, Physical design of IOT,
Logical design of IOT, Application of IOT.
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Definition-The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers
to a wireless network between objects. By embedding short-range mobile
transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday items,
enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between
things themselves. The term Internet of Things has come to describe a number of
technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out
into the real world of physical objects. Things having identities and virtual
personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect
and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts. From any time,
any place connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything.
Fig. 1.1 Internet of Things Accessibility
Characteristics of IOT-The no-need-to-know in terms of the underlying details of
infrastructure, applications interface with the infrastructure via the APIs.The flexibility and elasticity allows these systems to
scale up and down at will utilizing the resources of all kinds CPU, storage,
server capacity, load balancing, and databases The “pay as much as used and
needed” type of utility computing and the “always on!, anywhere and any place”
type of network-based computing. The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are
as follows:
·
Interconnectivity:
With regard to the IoT, anything can be interconnected with
the global information and communication infrastructure.
·
Things-related
services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the
constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency
between physical things and their associated virtual things. In order to
provide thing-related services within the constraints of things, both the
technologies in physical world and information world will change.
·
Heterogeneity:
The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on
different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices
or service platforms through different networks.
·
Dynamic changes: The state of
devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or
disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed.
Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.
·
Enormous scale: The number of
devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be at
least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the current
Internet. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and
their interpretation for application purposes. This relates to semantics of
data, as well as efficient data handling.
·
Safety:
As we gain benefits from the IoT, we must not forget about
safety. As both the creators and recipients of the IoT, we must design for
safety. This includes the safety of our personal data and the safety of our
physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the networks, and the data moving
across all of it means creating a security paradigm that will scale.
·
Connectivity:
Connectivity enables network accessibility and compatibility.
Accessibility is getting on a network while compatibility provides the common
ability to consume and produce data.
IOT architectural view-IoT architecture consists of different layers of technologies
supporting IoT. It serves to illustrate how various technologies relate to each
other and to communicate the scalability, modularity and configuration of IoT
deployments in different scenarios. The functionality of each layer is
described below:
·
Smart device /
sensor layer: The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated with sensors.
The sensors enable the interconnection of the physical and digital worlds
allowing real-time information to be collected and processed. There are various
types of sensors for different purposes. The sensors have the capacity to take
measurements such as temperature, air quality, speed, humidity, pressure, flow,
movement and electricity etc. In some cases, they may also have a degree of
memory, enabling them to record a certain number of measurements. A sensor can
measure the physical property and convert it into signal that can be understood
by an instrument. Sensors are grouped according to their unique purpose such as
environmental sensors, body sensors, home appliance sensors and vehicle
telemetric sensors, etc
·
Gateways and
Networks-Massive volume of data will be produced by these tiny sensors and this
requires a robust and high performance wired or wireless network infrastructure
as a transport medium. Current networks, often tied with very different
protocols, have been used to support machine-to-machine (M2M) networks and
their applications. With demand needed to serve a wider range of IoT services and
applications such as high speed transactional services, context- aware applications,
etc, multiple networks with various technologies and access protocols are
needed to work with each other in a heterogeneous configuration. These networks
can be in the form of a private, public or hybrid models and are built to
support the communication requirements for latency, bandwidth or security.
Various gateways (microcontroller, microprocessor) & gateway networks
(WI-FI, GSM, GPRS).
·
Management
Service Layer-The management service renders the processing of information possible
through analytics, security controls, process modeling and management of
devices. One of the important features of the management service layer is the
business and process rule engines. IoT brings connection and interaction of
objects and systems together providing information in the form of events or
contextual data such as temperature of goods, current location and traffic
data. Some of these events require filtering or routing to post-processing
systems such as capturing of periodic sensory data, while others require response
to the immediate situations such as reacting to emergencies on patient’s health
conditions. The rule engines support the formulation of decision logics and
trigger interactive and automated processes to enable a more responsive IoT system.
·
Application
Layer-The IoT application covers “smart” environments/spaces
in domains such as: Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail,
Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction,
Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy.
Fig. 1.2 IoT Architecture
IOT conceptual view-
·
The main tasks of this framework are to analyze and
determine the smart activities of these intelligent devices through maintaining
a dynamic interconnection among those devices. The proposed framework will help
to standardize IoT infrastructure so that it can receive e-services based on
context information leaving the current infrastructure unchanged. The active
collaboration of these heterogeneous devices and protocols can lead to future
ambient computing where the maximum utilization of cloud computing will be ensured.
·
This model is capable of logical division of
physical devices placement, creation of virtual links among different domains,
networks and collaborate among multiple application without any central
coordination system. IaaS can afford standard functionalities to accommodate
and provides access to cloud infrastructure. The service is generally offered
by modern data centers maintained by giant companies and organization. It is
categorized as virtualization of resources which permits a user to install and
run application over virtualization layer and allows the system to be
distributed, configurable and scalable.
·
Total infrastructure system can be
categorized into 4 layers to receive context supported e-services out of raw
data from the Internet of Things. These 4 layers establish a generic framework
that does not alter the current network infrastructure but create an
interfacing among services and entities through network virtualization.
Fig. 1.3 IoT Conceptual View
1. Connectivity Layer-
This layer includes all the physical devices involved in the
framework and the interconnection among them. Future internet largely depends
on the unification of these common objects found everywhere near us and these
should be distinctly identifiable and controllable.
This layer also involves assigning of low range networking devices
like sensors, actuators, RFID tags etc and resource management checks the
availability of physical resources of all the devices and networks involved in
the underlying infrastructure. These devices contain very limited resources and
resource management ensures the maximum utilization with little overhead. It
also allows sharing and distribution of information among multiple networks or
single network divided into multiple domains.
2. Access Layer-
·
Context Data will be reached to internet via IoT
Gateway as captured by short range devices in form of raw data. Access layer
comprises topology definition, network initiation, creation of domains etc.
This layer also includes connection setup, intra-inter domain communication,
scheduling, packet transmissions between flow-sensors and IoT gateway. The
simulation was run later in this paper for different scenario based on this
layer. Feature management contains a feature filter which accepts only
acceptable context data and redundant data are rejected. Large number of sensor
maintains lots of features but only a small subset of features is useful
generate a context data.
·
Feature filter helps to reduce
irrelevant data transmission, increases the data transfer rate of useful data
and reduce energy and CPU consumption too. Number of features can be different
based on the application requirements and context data types.
3. Abstraction Layer-
·
One of the most important characteristics of
OpenFlow is to add virtual layers with the preset layers, leaving the
established infrastructure unchanged. A virtual link can be created among
different networks and a common platform can be developed for various
communication systems. The system is fully a centralized system from physical
layer viewpoint but a distribution of service (flow visor could be utilized)
could be maintained. One central system can monitor, control all sorts of
traffics. It can help to achieve better band-width, reliability, robust
routing, etc. which will lead to a better Quality of Services (QoS).
·
In a multi-hopping scenario packets are transferred
via some adjacent nodes. So, nodes near to access points bears too much load in
comparison to distant nodes in a downstream scenario and inactivity of these
important nodes may cause the network
to be collapsed. Virtual presence of sensor nodes can solve the problem where
we can create a virtual link between two sensor networks through access point
negotiation. So, we can design a three
a three layer platform, where common platform and virtualization layer are
newly added with established infrastructure. Sensors need not to be worried
about reach-ability or their placement even in harsh areas. Packet could be
sent to any nodes even if it is sited on different networks.
4. Service Layer-
·
Storage management bears the idea about all sorts of
unfamiliar and/or important technologies and information which can turn the
system scalable and efficient. It is not only responsible for storing data but
also to provide security along with it. It also allows accessing data effectively;
integrating data to enhance service intelligence, analysis based on the
services required and most importantly increases the storage efficiency.
Storage and management layer involves data storage & system supervision,
software services and business management & operations. Though they are
included in one layer, the business support system resides slightly above of
cloud computing service whereas Open-Flow is placed below of it as presented to
include virtualizations and monitor management.
·
Service management combines the
required services with organizational solutions and thus new generation user service becomes
simplified. These forthcoming services are necessitated to be co
interrelated
and combined in order to meet the demand socio- economic factors such as
environment analysis, safety measurement, climate management, agriculture
modernization etc.
IOT Functional View-The Internet of Things concept refers to uniquely identifiable things
with their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure and IoT
solutions comprising a number of components such as
(1)
Module for interaction with local IoT devices. This
module is responsible for acquisition of observations and their forwarding to
remote servers for analysis and permanent storage.
(2) Module for local
analysis and processing of observations acquired by IoT devices.
(3)
Module for interaction with remote IoT devices,
directly over the Internet. This module is responsible for acquisition of
observations and their forwarding to remote servers for analysis and permanent storage.
(4)
Module for application specific data analysis and
processing. This module is running on an application server serving all
clients. It is taking requests from mobile and web clients and relevant IoT
observations as input, executes appropriate data processing algorithms and
generates output in terms of knowledge that is later presented to users.
(5) User
interface (web or mobile): visual representation of measurements in a given
context (for example on a map) and interaction with the user, i.e. definition
of user queries. The Designs are shown below:
Physical Design of IOT-The Internet of Things will become part of the fabric of everyday
life. It will become part of our overall infrastructure just like water,
electricity, telephone, TV and most recently the Internet. Whereas the current
Internet typically connects full-scale computers, the Internet of Things (as
part of the Future Internet) will connect everyday objects with a strong
integration into the physical world.
1.
Plug and Play Integration
·
If we look at IoT-related technology available
today, there is a huge heterogeneity. It is typically deployed for very
specific purposes and the configure requires significant technical knowledge
and may be cumbersome. To achieve a true Internet of Things we need to move away from such small- scale,
vertical application silos, towards a horizontal infrastructure on which a
variety of applications can run simultaneously. This is only possible if
connecting a thing to the Internet of Things becomes as simple as plugging it
in and switching it on. Such plug and play functionality requires an infrastructure
that supports it, starting from the networking level and going beyond it to the
application level. This is closely related to the aspects discussed in the section on
autonomy.
·
On the networking level, the plug & play
functionality has to enable the communication, features like the ones provided
by IPv6 are in the directions to help in this process. Suitable infrastructure
components have then to be discovered to enable the integration into the
Internet of Things. This includes announcing the functionalities provided, such
as what can be sensed or what can be actuated.
2. Infrastructure Functionality-The
infrastructure needs to support applications in finding the things required. An
application may run anywhere, including on the things themselves. Finding things
is not limited to the start-up time of an application. Automatic adaptation is
needed whenever relevant new things become available, things become unavailable
or the status of things changes. The infrastructure has to support the
monitoring of such changes and the adaptation that is required as a result of
the changes.
3. Semantic Modeling of Things-To reach the full
potential of the Internet of Things, semantic information regarding the things,
the information they can provide or the actuations they can perform need to be
available. It is not sufficient to know that there is a temperature sensor or
an electric motor, but it is important to know which temperature the sensor
measures: the indoor temperature of a room or the temperature of the fridge,
and that the electric motor can open or close the blinds or move something to a
different location. As it may not be possible to provide such semantic
information by simply switching on the thing, the infrastructure should make
adding it easy for users. Also, it may be possible to derive semantic information, given some basic information and
additional knowledge, e.g. deriving information about a room, based on the
information that a certain sensor is located in the room. This should be
enabled by the infrastructure.
4. Physical Location and Position-As the Internet
of Things is strongly rooted in the physical world, the notion of physical location
and position are very important, especially for finding
things, but also for
deriving knowledge. Therefore, the infrastructure has to support
finding things according to location (e.g. geo-location based discovery).
Taking mobility into account, localization technologies will play an important
role for the Internet of Things and may become embedded into the infrastructure
of the Internet of Things.
5. Security and Privacy-In addition, an
infrastructure needs to provide support for security and privacy functions
including identification, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation
authentication and authorization. Here the heterogeneity and the need for
interoperability among different ICT systems deployed in the infrastructure and
the resource limitations of IoT devices (e.g., Nano sensors) have to be taken
into account.
Logical design
of IOT-
·
The Logical design of IoT is however too abstract to
be used for building directly concrete architectures. In order to implement a
compliant IoT solutions, Reference Architectures must be defined, describing
essential building blocks as well as design choices able to select specific
constructs able to deal with converging requirements regarding functionality,
performance, deployment and security, to name a few. Interfaces among different
technological functional blocks should be standardized; best practices in terms
of functionality and information usage need to be provided.
·
Existing literature provides methodologies for
dealing with system architectures (hereafter called Concrete Architectures)
based on Views and Perspectives. The way that the IoT-A project illustrates the
Reference Architecture (RA) is through a matrix
that provides clear technological choices in order to develop concrete
architectures. To establish the contents of this matrix we need to analyze all
possible functionalities, mechanisms and protocols that can be used for
building any concrete IoT-related architecture and to show how interconnections
could take place between selected design and technological choices. A system
architect should then have a tool to make a rational selection of protocols,
functional components, and architectural options, needed to build specific IoT systems.
·
The IoT-A project sees views as a representation of one or more structural aspects of an
architecture that illustrates how the architecture addresses one or more
concerns held by one or more of its stakeholders. Some typical examples for
viewpoints are Functional, Information, Concurrency, Development, Deployment
and Operational viewpoints. However, architectural decisions often address
concerns that are common to more than one view. These concerns are often
related to non-functional or quality properties.
·
The approach that the project is following is to
define special perspectives to address these aspects of a concrete
architecture, emphasizing the importance of stakeholder requirements. Therefore
we are define a perspective as a
collection of activities, tactics, and guidelines that are used to ensure that
a system exhibits a particular set of related quality properties that require
consideration across a number of the system’s architectural views, where a
quality property is defined as an externally visible, non-functional property
of a system such as performance, security, or
scalability.
Fig. 1.4 IoT Logical View
IOT applications-Potential applications of the IoT are numerous and diverse,
permeating into practically all areas of every-day life of individuals,
enterprises, and society as a whole. The IoT application covers smart
environments/spaces in domains such as: Transportation, Building, City,
Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare,
User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy. Below are some
of the IoT applications.
·
IOsL (Internet of smart living)-Remote Control
Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save
energy, Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with ability to transmit data
over long distances, “mart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen
telling what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy
and with all the information available on a Smartphone app. Washing machines
allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely, and. Kitchen ranges with
interface to a Smartphone app allowing remotely adjustable temperature control
and monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning feature, Safety Monitoring: cameras,
and home alarm systems making people feel safe in their daily life at home,
Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and
violations to prevent intruders, Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply
consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources.
·
IOsC ( Internet of smart cities)-Structural Health: Monitoring of
vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges and historical
monuments, Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street
lights, Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public
announcement systems, Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways
with warning messages and diversions according to climate conditions and
unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams, Smart Parking: Real-time
monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city making residents able to identify and reserve the closest
available spaces, Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers
to optimize the trash collection routes. Garbage cans and recycle bins with
RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when garbage has been put out.
·
IOsE (Internet of smart environment)-Air Pollution
monitoring: Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars
and toxic gases generated in farms, Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of
combustion gases and preemptive fire conditions to define alert zones, Weather
monitoring: weather conditions monitoring such as humidity, temperature,
pressure, wind speed and rain, Earthquake Early Detection, Water Quality: Study
of water suitability in rivers and the sea for eligibility in drinkable use,
River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and
reservoirs during rainy days, Protecting wildlife: Tracking collars utilizing
GPS/GSM modules to locate and track wild animals and communicate their
coordinates via SMS.
·
IOsI (Internet of smart industry)-Explosive and
Hazardous Gases: Detection of gas levels and leakages in industrial
environments, surroundings of chemical factories and inside mines, Monitoring
of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure workers and
goods safety, Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in storage tanks and
Cisterns, Maintenance and repair: Early predictions on equipment malfunctions
and service maintenance can be automatically scheduled ahead of an actual part
failure by installing sensors inside equipment to monitor and send reports.
·
IOsH (Internet of smart health)-Patients Surveillance: Monitoring of
conditions of patients inside hospitals and in old people’s home, Medical
Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines, medicines and
organic elements, Fall Detection: Assistance for
elderly or disabled people living independent, Dental: Bluetooth
connected toothbrush with Smartphone app analyzes the brushing uses and gives
information on the brushing habits on the Smartphone for private information or
for showing statistics to the dentist, Physical Activity Monitoring: Wireless
sensors placed across the mattress sensing small motions, like breathing and
heart rate and large motions caused by tossing and turning during sleep,
providing data available through an app on the Smartphone.
·
IOsE
(internet of smart energy)-Smart Grid: Energy
consumption monitoring and management, Wind Turbines/ Power house: Monitoring
and analyzing the flow of energy from wind turbines & power house, and
two-way communication with consumers’ smart meters to analyze consumption
patterns, Power Supply Controllers: Controller for AC-DC power
supplies that determines required energy, and improve energy efficiency with
less energy waste for power supplies related to computers, telecommunications,
and consumer electronics applications, Photovoltaic Installations: Monitoring
and optimization of performance in solar energy plants.
·
IOsA (internet of smart agriculture)-Green Houses: Control
micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and vegetables
and its quality, Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in
alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants,
Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in open
pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of
harmful gases from excrements, Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of
the offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival and health, field
Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring, accurate
ongoing data obtaining, and management of the agriculture fields, including
better control of fertilizing, electricity and
watering.
Physical View-It defines
different layered level component required to create the device as mentioned in
diagram.
Fig. 1.5
Physical View
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